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William Shakespeare

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William Shakespeare (èbaptis 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) iyâ arèya seorang pujangga, dramawan, bân pamain sandiwara sè bhângsana Inggris, seccara loas èanggep dhâddhi panolès ḍrama abhâsa Inggris sè palèng pènter bân kasohor è dhunnya.[1][2][3] Dhibi’na segghut èkoca’ penyair nasional Inggris bân èjhulughi “Pujangga ḍâri Avon.[4] Karya-karyana sè gi’ bâḍe, tamaso’ karya kolaborasi, rakèra sampè’ 39 drama, 154 soneta, due’ sajak naratif, bân pan berempan syair laènna, sèttong ḍâri pan berempan sè bâde èantarana kalabân kapanolèsan sè gi’ èdebataghi. Dramana la èartè’è ka ḍâlem sabbhân bhâsa oḍi’ bân è pèntasaghi è pangghung lebbi segghut ètèmbhâng nolès drama laènna.[5]

Shakespeare lahèr bân rajâ è Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. È omo 19 tahon, dhibi’na anikah kalabân Anne Hathaway, bân anḍi’ tello’ ana’ Susanna bân sè ghembhâr Hamnet bân Judith. Antara taon 1585 bân 1592, dhibi’na amolaè karir sè suksès dhâddhi pamain, panolès, bân sè anḍi’ parkompolan pamain drama anyama Lord Chamberlains’s Men, sè kabuḍina agentè nyama dhaddhi King’s Men. È omor 49 taon (rakèra-rakèra taon 1613). Dhibi’na pansiun bân ngallè ka Stratford, kennengan dhibi’na wafat tello taon samarèna. Pan berempan cataettan soal kaoḍi’en pribaḍi Shakespeare tetap gi’ tahan, animbulaghi spèkulasi sè cokop rajâ terkaèt hal-hal akanta tampèlan bhadhan, seksualitas, kaparcajâ’en aghâma, bân masala-masala karyana sè ècurigai ètolès orèng laèn.[6][7][8] Tèori-tèori kasebbhut segghut èkritik polana gâgâl abhuktèaghi seccara jelas, margena gun sakoni’ catettan tentang kaoḍi’en rakyat biasa sè bisa tahan è masa jerèya.

Shakespeare nolès pan berempan karyana sè kasohor antara taon 1589 bân 1613.[9][10] awwâl nolès drama ajenis lâwe’ bân sajjere bân èangghep dhaddhi pan berempan karya palèng bhâghus sè ètolès ḍâlem jenis kasebbhut. Sampè’ taon 1608, dhibi’na biasana nolès drama tragèḍi, è antara Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, bân Macbeth, sakbbhina èangghep dhaddhi karya sè palèng bhâghus sè ètolès ḍâlem bhâsa Inggris. [1][2][3] È masa akhèr oḍi’na, dhibi’na nolès tragikomedi (jhugân kasohor kalabân romansa) bân agabung kalabân panolès drama laèn.

È masa oḍi’na, kabânnya’an drama Shakespeare eterbi’aghi ḍâlem èḍisi kalabân kualitas bân akurasi sè amacem. Namon, è 1623, due’ kanca pamain sanḍiwara bân kanca akrab Shakespeare, John Heminges bân Henry Condell, nerbit’aghi tèks drama dèfinitif sè kasohor kalabân Folio Pertama, èḍisi kompolan dramasè arangkom para’ sakbbhinna drama Shakespeare.[11] Èḍisi arèya è awwâlli kalabân puisi karya Ben Jonson, sè sabellunna mojhi Shakespeare ḍâlem kotèpan kasohor “benni gun salanjhengnga zâman, tapè salanjhengnga masa.”[11]

Kaoḍi’en

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Masa ngoḍe

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William Shakespeare iyâ arèya potra ḍâri pasangan John Shakespeare, seorang pamong dhisa bân tokang ghâbey sarong tanang sè suksès sè asalla ḍâri Snitterfield, bân Mary Arden, potrè seorang tani bân anḍi’ bânnya’ tana sè soghi.[12] dhibi’na lahèr è Stratford-upon-Avon bân èbaptis èdissa’ è tangghâl 26 April 1564. Tangghâl kalahèranna sè saongghuna ta’ èkataoè, tapè seccara tradisional èsepakdhi tangghâl 23 April, kateppa’an kalabân Arè Santo George.[12] Tangghâl rèya, sè awwâlla kaloar polana kasala’anna risèt para pakar abad ka-18, samarèna narè’ minat para panolès biografi polana Shakespeare wafat è tangghâl sè paḍe taon 1616.[12][13] Dhibi’na iyâ arèya ana’ katello’ ḍâri bellu’ tarètan, bân ana’ lake sè palèng toa sè gi’ oḍi’.[12]

Maskè taḍe’ catettan sakola’anna sè ètemmu è periode kasbbhut, kabânnya’an panolès biografi sepakat jhâ’ Shakespeare kamungkina asakola è King’s New School è Stratford,[12][14][15] sebuah sakola’an gratis sè èpajhâghâ è taon 1553,[16] jheuna rakèra saparapat mil (400 m) ḍâri romana. Kaulitas sakola’an umum avariasi è masana Elizabeth, tapè kurikulum sakola’an umumma padè; ngangghuy bhâsa latèn ḍasar sè è standaraghi so ḍèkrit karajhâ’en,[16][17] bân sakola’an bhâkal ngajhâragi pangajhâren intènsif tentang tata bhâsa sè abhungka ḍâ’ karya-karya panoles klasik latèn.[16]

Sombher

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Greenblatt 2005, hlm. 11. Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-0098-9.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Bevington 2002, hlm. 1–3. Shakespeare, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22719-9.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Wells 1997, hlm. 399. Shakespeare: A Life in Drama, New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31562-2.
  4. ↑ Dobson 1992, hlm. 185–186, The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-818323-5.
  5. ↑ Craig 2003, hlm. 3. Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's Macbeth and King Lear, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8605-1.
  6. ↑ Shapiro 2005, hlm. xvii–xviii. 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21480-8.
  7. ↑ Schoenbaum 1991, hlm. 41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409. Shakespeare's Lives, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-818618-2.
  8. ↑ Taylor 1990, hlm. 145, 210–223, 261–265. Reinventing Shakespeare: A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Presen, London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 978-0-7012-0888-2.
  9. ↑ Chambers 1930a, hlm. 270–271. William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-811774-2. OCLC 353406
  10. ↑ Taylor 1987, hlm. 109–134. William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812914-1.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Greenblatt & Abrams 2012, hlm. 1168. Sixteenth/Early Seventeenth Century. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 2. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-91250-0.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Schoenbaum 1987, hlm. 14–22. William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life, (edisi ke-Revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505161-2.
  13. ↑ Honan 1998, hlm. 15–16. Shakespeare: A Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-811792-6.
  14. ↑ Ackroyd 2006, hlm. 53. Shakespeare: The Biography, London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-7493-8655-9.
  15. ↑ Wells et al. 2005, hlm. xv–xvi, The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926717-0.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Baldwin 1944, hlm. 464. William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greek. 1. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press. OCLC 359037.
  17. ↑ Cressy 1975, hlm. 28–29. Education in Tudor and Stuart England, New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-7131-5817-5. OCLC 2148260.
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