Molekul
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Molekul ghâmpangnga panèka ḍuwâ' otabâ lebbi atom sè salèng asambhung bân ètalè'è sareng talèyan kimia. Molekul aropa'aghi ghughusan sè saccara èlèktris asèpat nètral.[4][5][6][7] Molekul èbhidhâ'aghi ḍâri ion aḍhâsar sobungnga muwatan listrik. Nangèng, ḍâlem fisika kuantum, kimia organik, bân biokimia, istila molekul segghut èghuna'aghi kalabân bâk lorghâ, jhughân èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy ion poliatomik.
Ḍâlem tèori kinètika gas, istila molekul segghut èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy partikel gas popana bisaos tanpa mentèngè èssèna. Mènorot artè panèka, atom gas mulia èangghep mènangka molekul monoatomik.[8]
Sèttong molekul bisa homonuklir, panèka aghâdhuwi atom-atom ḍâri sèttong unsur kimia, matsalla oksigèn (O2); otabâ bisa jhughân aropa hètèronuklir, sèttong senyawa kimia sè asoson ḍâri sèttong unsur, matsalla aèng (H2O). Atom bân kompleks sè asambhung lèbât talèyan non kovalèn, akadhi talèyan hidrogèn otabâ talèyan ionik, omomma èangghep mènangka molekul tongghâl.[9]
Sajhârâ bân Ètimologi
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]Mènorot Merriam-Webster bân Kamus Etimologi Online, istila "molecule" ètoronnaghi ḍâri bhâsa Latin "moles" otabâ unit kènè'na massa.
- Molecule (1794) – "partikel sè cè' alossa", ḍâri bhâsa Prancis molécule Perancis (1678), dâri bhâsa Neo-Latin molecula, kènè' ḍâri bhâsa Latin moles "massa, pangalang". Awwâl artèna mar-samar; mode oca' (èghuna'aghi kantos akhèr abad ka-18 namong ḍâlem bentu' Latin) bisa èsarè ḍâ' filsafat Descartes.[10]
Definisi molekul ampon aoba asareng atambâna pangataowan tentang sosonan molekul. Definisi sabellunna korang teppa', èdefinisiaghi molekul mènangka "partikel sè palèng kènè' dâri zat kimia murni sè ghi' èjâgâ komposisi bân sèpat kimiana".[11] Definisi panèka segghut ètola' sabâb bânnya' zat ḍâlem sabbhân arè, akadhi bâto, bujâ, bân logam, èpadhâddhi ḍâri jaringan krèstal rajâ ḍâri atom otabâ ion sè ètalè'è saccara kimia, tapè ta' èghâbây ḍâri molekul diskrit.
Talèyan
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]Molekul èpasèttong sareng talèyan kovalen otabâ talèyan ionik. Bâḍâ jennis unsur nonlogam sè coma bâḍâ mènangka molekul è kennengngan. Contona, hidrogèn coma bâḍâ mènangka molekul hidrogèn. Sèttong senyawa Molekul èbhâdhi ḍâri ḍuwâ' otabâ lebbi unsur.[12]
Kovalèn
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Talèyan kovalèn panèka talèyan kimia sè èbâgi ḍâ' pasangan èlèktron è antara atom. Pasangan èlèktron panèka èsebbhut pasangan reng-sareng otabâ pasangan talèyan, bân kaseimbangan gaya tarèk bân tola' sè stabil è antara atom, bâkto abâgi èlèktron, ka'ḍissa èsebbhut talèyan kovalèn.[13]
Ionik
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Talèyan ionik panèka jenis talèyan kimia sè mamaso' daya tarèk èlèktrostatik antara ion-ion sè muatanna alabâbnan, bân panèka interaksi otama sè kadhâddhiyân è ḍâlem senyawa ionik. Ion panèka atom sè ampon kaèlangan sèttong otabâ lebbi èlèktron (èsebbhut kation) bân atom sè ampon ollè sèttong otabâ lebbi èlèktron (èsebbhut anion). [14] Transfer èlèktron panèka èsebbhut elektrovalensi sè aropa'aghi labân ḍâri kovalènsi. È ḍâlem hal sè palèng sadherhana, kation panèka atom logam bân anion panèka atom nonlogam, nangèng ion panèka bisa dhâddhi lebbi rumit, matsalla, ion molekuler akadhi NH+4 otabâ SO2−4. Sadherhanana, talèyan ionik panèka transfer èlèktron ḍâri logam ka nonlogam sopajâ kaḍuwâ' atom ngaollè kalopa' valensi sè aèssè samporna.
Sombher
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]- ↑ Iwata, Kota; Yamazaki, Shiro; Mutombo, Pingo; Hapala, Prokop; Ondráček, Martin; Jelínek, Pavel; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki (2015). "Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature". Nature Communications. 6: 7766. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7766I. doi:10.1038/ncomms8766. PMC 4518281. PMID 26178193.
- ↑ Dinca, L. E.; De Marchi, F.; MacLeod, J. M.; Lipton-Duffin, J.; Gatti, R.; Ma, D.; Perepichka, D. F.; Rosei, F. (2015). "Pentacene on Ni(111): Room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene". Nanoscale. 7 (7): 3263–9. Bibcode:2015Nanos...7.3263D. doi:10.1039/C4NR07057G. PMID 25619890.
- ↑ Hapala, Prokop; Švec, Martin; Stetsovych, Oleksandr; Van Der Heijden, Nadine J.; Ondráček, Martin; Van Der Lit, Joost; Mutombo, Pingo; Swart, Ingmar; Jelínek, Pavel (2016). "Mapping the electrostatic force field of single molecules from high-resolution scanning probe images". Nature Communications. 7: 11560. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711560H. doi:10.1038/ncomms11560. PMC 4894979. PMID 27230940.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - ↑ Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-43302-9.
- ↑ Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). Chemistry–the Central Science (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066997-0.
- ↑ Chang, Raymond (1998). Chemistry (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-115221-0.
- ↑ Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). Chemistry (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-669-41794-7.
- ↑ Chandra, Sulekh (2005). Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1512-1.
- ↑ "Molecule". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
- ↑ "molecule". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
- ↑ Molecule Definition Diarsipkan 2014-10-13 di Wayback Machine. (Frostburg State University)
- ↑ "The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide". worldcat.org. Oxford, England. Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Campbell, Flake C. (2008-01-01). Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys (in Inggris). ASM International. ISBN 9781615030583.