Markus Aurelius
Markus Aurelius (26 April 121 – 17 Maret 180) iyâ arèya kaisar Romawi sè marènta ḍâri taon 161 sampè' ghân kamatèyanna è taon 180 M. Mènangka sala sèttong ḍâri "Lèma Kaisar Bhâghus", masa pamarènta'anna segghut èyangghep mènangka puncak kedamaian bân stablitas Kekaisaran Romawi. Markus jhhughân terkenal mènangka filsuf Stoik, bân karjâ tolèssa sè bhul-ombhullâ Meditationes (Renungan), dhâddhi sala sèttong tèks otama ḍâlem filsafat Stoisisme bân tettep aberri' pangaro sampè' satèya rèya.
Kaodi'ân Awwâl bân Latar Belakang
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Markus Aurelius lahèr kalabân nyama lengkap Marcus Annius Verus è tangghal 26 April 121 è Roma, ḍâlem kalowarga bhângsawan Romawi. Ramana, Annius Verus asalla ḍâri kalowarga senatorial terkemuka, sementara èbhuna, Domitia Lucilla aropa'aghi katoron ḍanâri kalowarga sè soghi sè anḍi' tana lowas. Markus dhâddhi jâtèm piatu è bâkto kènè'na, bân emba ḍâri pihak èbhuna, Marcus Annius Verus ngala' jârèya mènangka wali bân sè adidik.
Mènangka na'kana' ngoḍâ, Markus ella ètèngale minaddhâ sè rajâ è filsafat. E omorra sè 12 taon, salèrana terro ka jhâr-ajhârânna Stoisisme, aliran filsafat sè nekannaghi ka ngontrol abâ' dhibi'na, kebajikan, bân oḍi' sesuai kalabân alam. Salèrana ajhâr Dâri pan-bârâmpan filsuf bân orator terkemuka è bâkto rowa, tamaso' Apollonius dari Khalkis bân Junius Rusticus.
Sombher
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]- Birley, Anthony R. Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Yale University Press, 2000.
- McLynn, Frank. Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor. Random House, 2009.
- Grant, Michael. The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476. Scribner, 1985.
Daftar pustaka modern
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]- Adams, Geoff W. Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0739176382.
- An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, 79–94. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-2503521787.
- Astarita, Maria L. Avidio Cassio (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983. OCLC 461867183.
- Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016. ISBN 978-0415720786.