John maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1,[1] CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946) iyâ arèya èkonom Inggris sè pamèkkèrna ngobâ tèori bân praktèk èkonomi makro serta kabhijâghân èkonomi dhunnya. Dhibi’na alanjutaghi bân mabeccè’ tèori sabelunna sè ajelasaghi panyebâb kadhâddhien siklus bisnis. Dhibi’na èakoè dhâddhi sala sèttong èkonomi palèng aberri’ pangaro abad ka-20 bân majhâghâ èkonomi makro modèrn.[2][3][4][5] Pamèkkèran-pamèkkèranna dhâddhi ḍâsar mazhab èkonomi Keynesian bân sakbbhinna toroananna.
È taon 1930-an, Keynes mèmpèn rèvolusi pamèkkèran èkonomi sè anentang ghâghâsen èkonomi nèoklasik jhâ’ saongghuna pasar bèbas, ḍâlem bâkto pènḍe’ sampè’ manenga, bhâkal ngèsse’e sakabbhina lapangan kalakoan kor tontotan opa panglakoh pakghun fleksibel. Dhibi’na aberri’ pendapat jhâ’ saongghuna parmènta’an agregat anantoaghi onḍâghân sakabbhina aktivitas èkonomi bân korangnga parmènta’an agregat dhâddhi sabeb paganggurân tèngkat tèngghih se bisa abit. Mènorot èkonomi Keynesian, campor tanang pamrènta èkabhuto ka’angghuy panormal “Kempès Kembhângnga” siklus aktivitas èkonomi.[6] Keynes aḍukung panerapan kabhijâghân fiskal bân monètèr ka’angghuy nyegghâ dampa’ jhube’ rèsèsi bân dèprèsi ekonomi.
Samrèna perang dhunnya II, pan berempan èkonom bâre’ ternyama narèma saran kabhijâghân Keynes. Du polo taon samarèna Keynes wafat taon 1946, para’ kabbhi nagâre kapitalis è dhunnya anerapaghi kabhijâghan Keynes. Pangaro Kaynes molaè lontor è taon 1970-an, sala sèttongnga polana stagflasi sarah se nyegghâ èkonomi Inggris- Amerika salanjhâng dasawarsa kasebbhut tor “kana’ifan tèori Keynesian”[7] sè èlontaraghi sareng Milton Friedman, èkonom sè aprèḍiksi krisis kasebbhut.[8] Dhibi’na abhâreng èkonom laènna aragu’aghi kamampoan pamarènta ka’angghuy ngator siklus bisnis seccara positif ngangghuy kabhijâghan fiskal.[9] Maske pan berempan piha’ nyebhut jhâ’ tèori monètèr Friedman apangaroè tanggepbhân Federal Reserve ḍâ’ krisis pèssè global 2007-08.[10] bâde kèya sè nyebbhut jhâ’ kabhijâghan èkonomi pamarènta sè èkala’ è taon jerèya bâgien ḍâri kaluarra polè Keynesianisme modern.[11]
Majalah Time mamaso’ Keynes ka daftar Most Important People of the Century è taon 1999. Mènorot Time, “gâgâsenna sè raḍikal, iyâ arèya pamarènta kodhu abelenjhâ’aghi pèssè sè ta’ èka’anḍi’, pola bisa nyegghâ rontona kapitalisme.”[12] The Economst ajhulughi Keynes “èkonom abad ka-20 palèng kasohor è Britania Raya.”[13] salaèn daddhi èkonom, Keynes jhugân aropa’aghi pongghâbâ nagâre, ḍirèktur Bank Of England, bân angghuta parkompolan intelèk Bloomsbury Group.[14]
Kaoḍi’en
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]John Maynard Keynes, lahèr è Cambridge, Britania Raya teppa’ 5 Juni 1883 ḍâri kaluargâ kelas manengnga atas sè cokop terpandâng. Eppa’na iyâ arèya John Neville Keynes, seorang èkonom Cambridge sè cokop kasohor. Samentara èbuna iyâ arèya Florence Ada Keynes, sè è sèttong bhâkto dâddhi wali kota Cambridge. John kèni’ ta’ anḍi’ tanḍâ bân katerroan è bidang akademik otabâ politik malah ta-citana dhâddhi masinis. Cita-cita kasebbhut ta’ terwujud bân dhibi’na mèle ka’angghuy ngala’ ujian pongghâbâ nagâre. Dhibi’na ngaollè nilai palèng kèni’ neng èkonomi.[13]
Karya
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]•1913 Indian Currency and Finance
•1914 Ludwig von Mises's Theorie des Geldes (EJ)
•1915 The Economics of War in Germany (EJ)
•1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace
•1921 A Treatise on Probability
•1922 The Inflation of Currency as a Method of Taxation (MGCRE)
•1922 Revision of the Treaty
•1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform
•1925 Am I a Liberal? (N&A)
•1926 The End of Laissez-Faire
•1926 Laissez-Faire and Communism
•1930 A Treatise on Money
•1930 Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren
•1931 The End of the Gold Standard (Sunday Express)
•1931 Essays in Persuasion
•1931 The Great Slump of 1930
•1933 The Means to Prosperity
•1933 An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (New York Times)
•1933 Essays in Biography
•1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
•1940 How to Pay for the War: A radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer
•1949 Two Memoirs. Ed. by David Garnett (On Carl Melchior and G. E. Moore.)
Sombher
[beccè' | beccè' sombher]- ↑ Jenkins, Nicholas. "John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810)". W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts'. Stanford University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-26. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2011
- ↑ Daniel Yergin & Joseph Stanislaw. "book extract from The Commanding Heights" (PDF). Public Broadcasting Service. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008.
- ↑ "How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way". BBC. 22 October 2008. eakses tangghal 2025-04-11
- ↑ Cohn, Steven Mark (2006). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 111. ISBN 0-7656-1450-2.
- ↑ Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011.[1]
- ↑ Time Value of Money. "How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics". InvestingAnswers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-21. eakses tanggal 2025-04-11
- ↑ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. October 1, 2000.
- ↑ Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment ... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online
- ↑ "To Set the Economy Right". Time magazine. 27 August 1979. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-04. eakses tangghal 25-04-11
- ↑ Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in Journal of Economic Literature (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109
- ↑ Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-27. eakses tanggal 2025-04-11
- ↑ Reich, Robert B. (29 March 1999). "The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes Diarsipkan 2025-04-24 di Wayback Machine.". Time. Time (magazine). eakses tanggal 2025-04-11
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 "The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers". Economist.com. 11 May 2013. eakses tanggal 2025-04-11
- ↑ "The Bloomsbury Group". Therem.net. 22 August 2007. eakses tanggal 2025-04-11