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Cèṭa'an:List of oxidation states of the elements

Ḍâri Wikipèḍia bhâsa Madhurâ, lombhung pangataowan mardhika

This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes.

  Noble gas
+1 Bold values are main oxidation states
Oxidation states of the elements
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
Z
1 H: Hydrogen H: H −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b
2 He: Helium He: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 0[1] Error: bad value in os-list: 0
3 Li: Lithium Li: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 [2] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−1
4 Be: Beryllium Be: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 0[4], [6] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b0, +1
5 B: Boron B: B −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 [7] [8][9] [10][11] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−5, −1, 0, +1, +2
6 C: Carbon C: C −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, −3b, −2b, −1b, 0b, +1b, +2b, +3b, +4b
7 N: Nitrogen N: N −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 [10] [10][12] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, +3b, +5b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4
8 O: Oxygen O: O −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b−1, 0, +1, +2
9 F: Fluorine F: F −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 0[13] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b0
10 Ne: Neon Ne: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 0[14] Error: bad value in os-list: 0
11 Na: Sodium Na: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−1,
12 Mg: Magnesium Mg: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 [15] [16] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b0, +1
13 Al: Aluminium Al: Al −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 [17] [18][19] [10][20] [21] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2
14 Si: Silicon Si: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 [10] [10] [10][22] [10][23] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, +4b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3
15 P: Phosphorus P: P −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 [10] [10][24] [10][25] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, +3b, +5b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4
16 S: Sulfur S: S −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b, +6b−1, 0, +1, +3, +5
17 Cl: Chlorine Cl: Cl −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b, +3b, +5b, +7b+2, +4, +6
18 Ar: Argon Ar: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 0[26] Error: bad value in os-list: 0
19 K: Potassium K: K −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 [27] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−1
20 Ca: Calcium Ca: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 [28] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b+1
21 Sc: Scandium Sc: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 3 [29] [30] [31] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
22 Ti: Titanium Ti: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 4 [32] [10][33] [34] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3
23 V: Vanadium V: V −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 5 [35] [10][36] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +5b−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
24 Cr: Chromium Cr: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 6 [37] [10] [10][38] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +6b−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4, +5
25 Mn: Manganese Mn: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 7 [10] [39][10] [10][10] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +4b, +7b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +6
26 Fe: Iron Fe: Fe −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 8 [10] [10][10] [40] [10] [41] [10] [42] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +3b−2, −1, 0, +1, +4, +5, +6, +7
27 Co: Cobalt Co: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [43] [10][10] [10] [10] [44] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +3b−3, −1, 0, +1, +4, +5
28 Ni: Nickel Ni: Ni −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 10 [45] [10][46] [47] [10] [48] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b−2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +4
29 Cu: Copper Cu: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 11 [49] [50] [51] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b−2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +4
30 Zn: Zinc Zn: Zn −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 12 [52] [53] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +2b−2, 0, +1
31 Ga: Gallium Ga: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 [54] [54] [55] [54] [56][57] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
32 Ge: Germanium Ge: Ge −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 [58] [58] [58][59] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, +2b, +4b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3
33 As: Arsenic As: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 [60] [61][62] [63] [10] [64] Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, +3b, +5b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4
34 Se: Selenium Se: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [65][66] [67] [68] ? Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b, +6b−1, 0, +1, +3, +5
35 Br: Bromine Br: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 [69] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b, +3b, +5b+2, +4, +7
36 Kr: Krypton Kr: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 ? Error: bad value in os-list: +2b+1,
37 Rb: Rubidium Rb: Rb −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 [70] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−1
38 Sr: Strontium Sr: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 [71] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b+1
39 Y: Yttrium Y: Y −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 3 [72] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
40 Zr: Zirconium Zr: Zr −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 4 [73][74] [10] [75][76] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b−2, 0, +1, +2, +3
41 Nb: Niobium Nb: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 5 [77] [10][78] [78] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +5b−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
42 Mo: Molybdenum Mo: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 6 [79] [10] [10][80] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b, +6b−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5
43 Tc: Technetium Tc: Tc −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 7 [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b, +7b−1, +1, +2, +3, +5, +6
44 Ru: Ruthenium Ru: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 8 [10] [81] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +4b−2, 0, +1, +2, +5, +6, +7, +8
45 Rh: Rhodium Rh: Rh −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [82] [10][83] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [84] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4, +5, +6, +7
46 Pd: Palladium Pd: Pd −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 10 [85] [86] [87] Error: bad value in os-list: 0b, +2b, +4b+1, +3, +5
47 Ag: Silver Ag: Ag −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 11 [88] [89][90] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−2, −1, 0, +2, +3
48 Cd: Cadmium Cd: Cd −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 12 [91] [92] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b−2, +1
49 In: Indium In: In −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 [93] [94] [95][96] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
50 Sn: Tin Sn: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 [97] [98] [99][100] [101] [102] Error: bad value in os-list: −4b, +2b, +4b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3
51 Sb: Antimony Sb: Sb −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 [103] [103][104] [105] [106] ? Error: bad value in os-list: −3b, +3b, +5b−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4
52 Te: Tellurium Te: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b, +6b−1, 0, +1, +3, +5
53 I: Iodine I: I −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 [107] ? Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b, +3b, +5b, +7b+2, +4, +6
54 Xe: Xenon Xe: Xe −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 [108] [109] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +4b, +6b0, +8
55 Cs: Caesium Cs: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 [110] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b−1
56 Ba: Barium Ba: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 [111] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b+1
57 La: Lanthanum La: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [112] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
58 Ce: Cerium Ce: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +4b+2
59 Pr: Praseodymium Pr: Pr −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [113] [114] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2, +4, +5
60 Nd: Neodymium Nd: Nd −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +2, +4
61 Pm: Promethium Pm: Pm −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2
62 Sm: Samarium Sm: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [115] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
63 Eu: Europium Eu: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups 0[72] Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +3b0
64 Gd: Gadolinium Gd: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
65 Tb: Terbium Tb: Tb −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [112] [114] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2, +4
66 Dy: Dysprosium Dy: Dy −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +2, +4
67 Ho: Holmium Ho: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [114] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +2
68 Er: Erbium Er: Er −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [114] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +2
69 Tm: Thulium Tm: Tm −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [112] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
70 Yb: Ytterbium Yb: Yb −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [72] [112] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +1, +2
71 Lu: Lutetium Lu: Lu −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 3 [72] [114] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b0, +2
72 Hf: Hafnium Hf: Hf −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 4 [116][117] [118] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b−2, 0, +1, +2, +3
73 Ta: Tantalum Ta: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 5 [119] [10][120] [121] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +5b−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
74 W: Tungsten W: W −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 6 [122] [10] [10][123] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b, +6b−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5
75 Re: Rhenium Re: Re −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 7 [10] [10][124] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b, +7b−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5, +6,
76 Os: Osmium Os: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 8 [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +4b−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5, +6, +7, +8
77 Ir: Iridium Ir: Ir −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [125] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b, +4b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9
78 Pt: Platinum Pt: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 10 [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +4b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +6
79 Au: Gold Au: Au −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 11 [10] [126] [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +5
80 Hg: Mercury (element) Hg: Hg −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 12 [127] Error: bad value in os-list: +1b, +2b−2
81 Tl: Thallium Tl: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 [128] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +1b, +3b−5, −2, −1, +2
82 Pb: Lead Pb: Pb −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 [10] [129] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +2b, +4b−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3
83 Bi: Bismuth Bi: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 [10] [130] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4, +5
84 Po: Polonium Po: Po −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [131] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −2b, +2b, +4b+5 +6,
85 At: Astatine At: At −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: −1b, +1b+3, +5, +7
86 Rn: Radon Rn: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 ? Error: bad value in os-list: +2, +6
87 Fr: Francium Fr: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 1 Error: bad value in os-list: +1b
88 Ra: Radium Ra: Ra −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 2 Error: bad value in os-list: +2b
89 Ac: Actinium Ac: Ac −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
90 Th: Thorium Th: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [132] [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +4b−1, +1, +2, +3
91 Pa: Protactinium Pa: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +5b+2, +3, +4
92 U: Uranium U: U −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [132] [133] [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +6b−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
93 Np: Neptunium Np: Np −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [134] [10] [10] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +5b+2, +3, +4, +6, +7
94 Pu: Plutonium Pu: Pu −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [135] [10], [10] [10] [10] [136] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b+2, +3,, +5, +6, +7, +8
95 Am: Americium Am: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [10] [10] [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2, +4, +5, +6, +7
96 Cm: Curium Cm: Cm −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [137] [138] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+4, +5, +6
97 Bk: Berkelium Bk: Bk −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [137] ? Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2, +4, +5
98 Cf: Californium Cf: Cf −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] [10] [139][137] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2, +4, +5
99 Es: Einsteinium Es: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2, +4
100 Fm: Fermium Fm: Fm −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2
101 Md: Mendelevium Md: Md −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2
102 No: Nobelium No: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 f-block groups [10] Error: bad value in os-list: +3b+2
103 Lr: Lawrencium Lr: Lr −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 3 Error: bad value in os-list: +3b
104 Rf: Rutherfordium Rf: Rf −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 4 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: +4b(+3), (+4)
105 Db: Dubnium Db: Db −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 5 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+3), (+4), (+5)
106 Sg: Seaborgium Sg: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 6 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+3), (+4), (+5), (+6)
107 Bh: Bohrium Bh: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 7 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+3), (+4), (+5), (+7)
108 Hs: Hassium Hs: Hs −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 8 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8)
109 Mt: Meitnerium Mt: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+1), (+3), (+6)
110 Ds: Darmstadtium Ds: Ds −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 10 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+2), (+4), (+6)
111 Rg: Roentgenium Rg: Rg −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 11 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (−1), (+3), (+5)
112 Cn: Copernicium Cn: Cn −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 12 [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (+2), (+4)
113 Nh: Nihonium Nh: Nh −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 13 Error: bad value in os-list:
114 Fl: Flerovium Fl: Fl −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 14 Error: bad value in os-list:
115 Mc: Moscovium Mc: Mc −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 15 Error: bad value in os-list:
116 Lv: Livermorium Lv: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 16 [141] Error: bad value in os-list: (−2), (+4)
117 Ts: Tennessine Ts: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 17 Error: bad value in os-list: (−1), (+5)
118 Og: Oganesson Og: Og −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 18 [140] [142] [143] [143] [140] Error: bad value in os-list: (−1), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6)
  1. ↑ Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e−)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see Dong, Xiao; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Lobanov, Sergey; Saleh, Gabriele; Qian, Guang-Rui; Zhu, Qiang; Gatti, Carlo; Deringer, Volker L.; Dronskowski, Richard; Zhou, Xiang-Feng; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana; Popov, Ivan A.; Boldyrev, Alexander I.; Wang, Hui-Tian (6 February 2017). "A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure". Nature Chemistry. 9 (5): 440–445. arXiv:1309.3827. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..440D. doi:10.1038/nchem.2716. PMID 28430195. S2CID 20459726.
  2. ↑ Li(–1) has been observed in the gas phase; see R. H. Sloane; H. M. Love (1947). "Surface Formation of Lithium Negative Ions". Nature (in Inggris). 159 (4035): 302–303. Bibcode:1947Natur.159..302S. doi:10.1038/159302a0.
  3. ↑ Berthold, Chantsalmaa; Maurer, Johannes; Klerner, Lukas; Harder, Prof. Dr. Sjoerd; Buchner, Dr. Magnus R. (2024-05-31). "Formation, Structure and Reactivity of a Beryllium(0) Complex with Mgδ+−Beδ− Bond Polarization". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 63 (35): e202408422. doi:10.1002/anie.202408422.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  4. ↑ Beryllium(0) is present in LMgBeCp* (L = a complex diimide ligand, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with a magnesium-beryllium polar bond.[3]
  5. ↑ Boronski, Josef T.; Crumpton, Agamemnon E.; Wales, Lewis L.; Aldridge, Simon (2023-06-16). "Diberyllocene, a stable compound of Be(I) with a Be–Be bond". Science (in Inggris). 380 (6650): 1147–1149. Bibcode:2023Sci...380.1147B. doi:10.1126/science.adh4419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37319227. S2CID 259166086.
  6. ↑ Be(I) is known in CpBeBeCp.[5]
  7. ↑ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (in Jerman). p. 139.
  8. ↑ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135.
  9. ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
  10. ↑ 10,000 10,001 10,002 10,003 10,004 10,005 10,006 10,007 10,008 10,009 10,010 10,011 10,012 10,013 10,014 10,015 10,016 10,017 10,018 10,019 10,020 10,021 10,022 10,023 10,024 10,025 10,026 10,027 10,028 10,029 10,030 10,031 10,032 10,033 10,034 10,035 10,036 10,037 10,038 10,039 10,040 10,041 10,042 10,043 10,044 10,045 10,046 10,047 10,048 10,049 10,050 10,051 10,052 10,053 10,054 10,055 10,056 10,057 10,058 10,059 10,060 10,061 10,062 10,063 10,064 10,065 10,066 10,067 10,068 10,069 10,070 10,071 10,072 10,073 10,074 10,075 10,076 10,077 10,078 10,079 10,080 10,081 10,082 10,083 10,084 10,085 10,086 10,087 10,088 10,089 10,090 10,091 10,092 10,093 10,094 10,095 10,096 10,097 10,098 10,099 10,100 10,101 10,102 10,103 10,104 10,105 10,106 10,107 10,108 10,109 10,110 10,111 10,112 10,113 10,114 10,115 10,116 10,117 10,118 10,119 10,120 10,121 10,122 10,123 10,124 10,125 10,126 10,127 10,128 10,129 10,130 10,131 10,132 10,133 10,134 10,135 10,136 10,137 10,138 10,139 10,140 10,141 10,142 10,143 10,144 10,145 10,146 10,147 10,148 10,149 10,150 10,151 10,152 10,153 10,154 10,155 10,156 10,157 10,158 10,159 10,160 10,161 10,162 10,163 10,164 10,165 10,166 10,167 10,168 10,169 10,170 10,171 10,172 10,173 10,174 10,175 10,176 10,177 10,178 10,179 10,180 10,181 10,182 10,183 10,184 10,185 10,186 10,187 10,188 Cèṭa'an:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  11. ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
  12. ↑ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, Cèṭa'an:Chem2 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. Bibcode:1954JAChS..76..290H. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
  13. ↑ Gold heptafluoride, synthesized at low temperature, is calculated to be a complex of molecular fluorine with gold pentafluoride, with F-F bonding in the F2 evidenced by IR spectroscopy; see Himmel, Daniel; Riedel, Sebastian (2007-05-31). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That "AuF7" Is Actually AuF5·F2". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13): 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s. PMID 17511450.
  14. ↑ Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne; see Perutz, Robin N.; Turner, James J. (August 1975). "Photochemistry of the Group 6 hexacarbonyls in low-temperature matrices. III. Interaction of the pentacarbonyls with noble gases and other matrices". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (17): 4791–4800. Bibcode:1975JAChS..97.4791P. doi:10.1021/ja00850a001.
  15. ↑ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380
  16. ↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.
  17. ↑ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in Jerman). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001. S2CID 94972243.
  18. ↑ Al(–1) has been reported in Na5Al5; see Haopeng Wang; Xinxing Zhang; Yeon Jae Ko; Andrej Grubisic; Xiang Li; Gerd Ganteför; Hansgeorg Schnöckel; Bryan W. Eichhorn; Mal-Soon Lee; P. Jena; Anil K. Kandalam; Boggavarapu Kiran; Kit H. Bowen (2014). "Aluminum Zintl anion moieties within sodium aluminum clusters". The Journal of Chemical Physics (in Inggris). 140 (5). Bibcode:2014JChPh.140e4301W. doi:10.1063/1.4862989.
  19. ↑ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2(CH3)6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. Bibcode:1989JAChS.111.9110S. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
  20. ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
  21. ↑ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
  22. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  23. ↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
  24. ↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. Bibcode:2008JAChS.13014970W. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
  25. ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
  26. ↑ Ar(0) has been observed in argon fluorohydride (HArF) and ArCF22+, see Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. (2010). "Generation of the ArCF22+ Dication". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1: 358. doi:10.1021/jz900274p.
  27. ↑ John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  28. ↑ Calcium(I) has been obtained as a dinuclear organometallic complex with an arene dianion, see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Yu, Lian; Reiher, Markus; Westerhausen, Matthias (2009). "Stable "Inverse" Sandwich Complex with Unprecedented Organocalcium(I): Crystal Structures of [(thf)2Mg(Br)-C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3] and [(thf)3Ca{μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3}Ca(thf)3]". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (8): 2977–2985. doi:10.1021/ja808524y..
  29. ↑ Cloke, F. Geoffrey N.; Khan, Karl & Perutz, Robin N. (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
  30. ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
  31. ↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
  32. ↑ Ti(-2) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  33. ↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Cèṭa'an:Awrap". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
  34. ↑ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
  35. ↑ V(–3) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  36. ↑ V(0) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  37. ↑ Cr(–4) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  38. ↑ Cr(0) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  39. ↑ Mn(–2) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  40. ↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
  41. ↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
  42. ↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
  43. ↑ Co(–3) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  44. ↑ Cèṭa'an:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  45. ↑ Ni(–2) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  46. ↑ Ni(0) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  47. ↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
  48. ↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
  49. ↑ Cu(−2) have been observed as dimeric anions [Cu4]2– in La2Cu2In; see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001.
  50. ↑ Jackson, Ross A.; Evans, Nicholas J.; Babula, Dawid J.; Horsley Downie, Thomas M.; Charman, Rex S. C.; Neale, Samuel E.; Mahon, Mary F.; Liptrot, David J. (2025-01-28). "Nucleophilicity at copper(-I) in a compound with a Cu–Mg bond". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 1101. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16.1101J. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56544-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 11775243. PMID 39875432.
  51. ↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135.3792M. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
  52. ↑ Zn(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in Ca5Zn3 (structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−); see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  53. ↑ Zn(I) has been reported in decamethyldizincocene; see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". Science. 305 (5687): 1136–8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350. S2CID 38990338.
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 Cèṭa'an:Cite thesis
  55. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in Jerman). 66b: 1107–1121.
  56. ↑ Ga(−1) has been observed in LiGa; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. ISBN 9783110206845.
  57. ↑ Ga(0) is known in gallium monoiodide; see Widdifield, Cory M.; Jurca, Titel; Richeson, Darrin S.; Bryce, David L. (2012-03-16). "Using 69/71Ga solid-state NMR and 127I NQR as probes to elucidate the composition of "GaI"". Polyhedron (in Inggris). 35 (1): 96–100. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.003. ISSN 0277-5387.
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 58,2 Ge(−1), Ge(−2), Ge(−3), and Ge(–4) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Germanium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–959. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.
  59. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  60. ↑ As(−2) has been observed in CaAs; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. ISBN 9783110206845.
  61. ↑ As(−1) has been observed in LiAs; see Reinhard Nesper (1990). "Structure and chemical bonding in zintl-phases containing lithium". Progress in Solid State Chemistry (in Inggris). 20 (1): 1–45. doi:10.1016/0079-6786(90)90006-2.
  62. ↑ Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
  63. ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
  64. ↑ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
  65. ↑ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(Cèṭa'an:Chem2, such as disodium diselenide (Na2Se2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. ISBN 9783110206845. and H. Föppl; E. Busmann; F.-K. Frorath (1962). "Die Kristallstrukturen von α-Na2S2 und K2S2, β-Na2S2 und Na2Se2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in Jerman). 314 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1002/zaac.19623140104.
  66. ↑ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
  67. ↑ Cèṭa'an:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  68. ↑ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
  69. ↑ Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide radical; see Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction
  70. ↑ Rb(–1) is known in rubidides; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  71. ↑ Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
  72. ↑ 72,00 72,01 72,02 72,03 72,04 72,05 72,06 72,07 72,08 72,09 72,10 72,11 72,12 72,13 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  73. ↑ Zr(–2) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  74. ↑ Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5. ISBN 9780080450476.
  75. ↑ Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). "Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (in Inggris). 423 (3): 307–328. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3.
  76. ↑ Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). "Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation". Applied Physics Letters (in Inggris). 106 (10). Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106j1603M. doi:10.1063/1.4914180. hdl:1721.1/104888. ISSN 0003-6951.
  77. ↑ Nb(–3) occurs in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics (in Inggris). 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
  78. ↑ 78,0 78,1 Nb(0) and Nb(I) has been observed in Nb(bpy)3 and CpNb(CO)4, respectively; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1554. ISBN 9783110206845.
  79. ↑ Mo(–4) occurs in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics (in Inggris). 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
  80. ↑ Mo(0) occurs in molybdenum hexacarbonyl; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics (in Inggris). 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
  81. ↑ Ru(0) is present in the carbonyl-phosphine complex Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3, see Stephane Sentets, Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Martinez, Laure Vendier, Bruno Donnadieu, Vincent Huc, Noël Lugan, and Guy Lavigne (2005). "Instant "Base-Promoted" Generation of Roper's-type Ru(0) Complexes Ru(CO)2(PR3)3 from a Simple Carbonylchlororuthenium(II) Precursor". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (42): 14554–14555. doi:10.1021/ja055066e. PMID 16231891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ↑ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
  83. ↑ Cèṭa'an:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  84. ↑ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio-Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  85. ↑ Pd(I) is known in [Pd2]2+ compounds; see Christoph Fricke; Theresa Sperger; Marvin Mendel; Franziska Schoenebeck (2020). "Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers". Angewandte Chemie International Edition (in Inggris). 60 (7): 3355–3366. doi:10.1002/anie.202011825. PMC 7898807. PMID 33058375.
  86. ↑ Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). "Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis" (PDF). Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 129–156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514. PMID 21461129. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013.
  87. ↑ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.7758S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
  88. ↑ Ag(−2) have been observed as dimeric and monomeric anions in Ca5Ag3, (structure (Ca2+)5(Ag–Ag)4−Ag2−⋅4e−); see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  89. ↑ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
  90. ↑ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. Bibcode:1976JAChS..98.3167M. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
  91. ↑ Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  92. ↑ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
  93. ↑ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
  94. ↑ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [1], p. 69.
  95. ↑ In(−1) has been observed in NaIn; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. ISBN 9783110206845.
  96. ↑ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [2], p. 6.
  97. ↑ Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. PMID 10941096. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  98. ↑ Sn(−2) has been observed in SrSn; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1007. ISBN 9783110206845.
  99. ↑ Sn(−1) has been observed in CsSn; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1007. ISBN 9783110206845.
  100. ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  101. ↑ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  102. ↑ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  103. ↑ 103,0 103,1 Sb(−2) and Sb(−1) has been observed in [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−, respectively; see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (in Jerman). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546.
  104. ↑ Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements". p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60. S2CID 132399530.
  105. ↑ Sb(I) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393.
  106. ↑ Sb(IV) has been observed in Cèṭa'an:Chem2, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
  107. ↑ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. Bibcode:2008RuCRv..77..739N. doi:10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788. S2CID 250898175.
  108. ↑ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe42+).
  109. ↑ Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the p block. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9.
  110. ↑ Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
  111. ↑ Xu, Wei; Lerner, Michael M. (2018). "A New and Facile Route Using Electride Solutions to Intercalate Alkaline Earth Ions into Graphite". Chemistry of Materials. 30 (19): 6930–6935. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03421. S2CID 105295721.
  112. ↑ 112,0 112,1 112,2 112,3 La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6467L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMC 8578558. PMID 34753931.
  113. ↑ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.
  114. ↑ 114,0 114,1 114,2 114,3 114,4 All the lanthanides, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  115. ↑ SmB6− cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,? 121,? 8,? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. Bibcode:2017JPCA..121.1849R. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..
  116. ↑ Hf(–2) occurs in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics (in Inggris). 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
  117. ↑ Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Hf and [(η5-C5R5Hf(CO)4]−, see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5. ISBN 9780080450476.
  118. ↑ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Rusia). 24 (4): 890–893.
  119. ↑ Ta(–3) occurs in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2− to [Hf(CO)6]2− and Beyond†". Organometallics (in Inggris). 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l.
  120. ↑ Ta(0) is known in Ta(CNDipp)6; see Khetpakorn Chakarawet; Zachary W. Davis-Gilbert; Stephanie R. Harstad; Victor G. Young Jr.; Jeffrey R. Long; John E. Ellis (2017). "Ta(CNDipp)6: An Isocyanide Analogue of Hexacarbonyltantalum(0)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition (in Inggris). 56 (35): 10577–10581. doi:10.1002/anie.201706323. PMID 28697283. Additionally, Ta(0) has also been previously reported in Ta(bipy)3, but this has been proven to contain Ta(V).
  121. ↑ Ta(I) has been observed in CpTa(CO)4; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Jerman) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1554. ISBN 9783110206845.
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  123. ↑ W(0) is known in Cèṭa'an:Chem2; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  124. ↑ Re(0) is known in [[Dirhenium decacarbonyl|Cèṭa'an:Chem2]]; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry (in Inggris). 45 (8): 3167–3186. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
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  134. ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.
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  136. ↑ Preparation of plutonium(VIII) compounds has been claimed, see Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Mosyagin, Nikolai S.; Titov, Anatoly V.; Kiselev, Yuri M. (July 21, 2013). "Relativistic density functional theory modeling of plutonium and americium higher oxide molecules". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 139 (3): 034307. Bibcode:2013JChPh.139c4307Z. doi:10.1063/1.4813284. PMID 23883027. and Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Dolzhenko, V. D.; Ermilov, A. Yu.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (January 17, 2014). "On existence and properties of plutonium(VIII) derivatives". Radiochimica Acta. 102 (3): 227–237. doi:10.1515/ract-2014-2146. S2CID 100915090. But their existence has been partially disproven, see Fedosseev, Alexander M.; Bessonov, Alexi A.; Shilov, Vladimir P. (September 5, 2022). "Is octavalent plutonium really formed during oxidation in alkaline aqueous solutions?". Radiochimica Acta. 110 (12): 955–959. doi:10.1515/ract-2022-0056.
  137. ↑ 137,0 137,1 137,2 Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.
  138. ↑ Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. Bibcode:2011Radch..53..453D. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. S2CID 98052484.
  139. ↑ Cèṭa'an:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  140. ↑ 140,00 140,01 140,02 140,03 140,04 140,05 140,06 140,07 140,08 140,09 140,10 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  141. ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. p. 83. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
  142. ↑ Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H. doi:10.1063/1.480842.
  143. ↑ 143,0 143,1 Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
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